The development and utilisation of underground space is being driven by advances in integrated subsurface development, including the design and operation of multi-use storage hubs, CO₂ plume migration and containment, reservoir characterisation and injectivity optimisation. Digital innovation is also playing a transformative role, with the adoption of advanced reservoir simulation, AI-driven analytics and explainable AI (XAI) to enhance subsurface decision-making. Real-time monitoring and data-driven approaches are further improving storage performance, operational efficiency, risk assessment and long-term containment assurance across a range of underground storage applications.
Despite this momentum, key challenges remain including high capital requirements, regulatory uncertainty and constraints in access to suitable storage sites, alongside technical risks related to subsurface integrity, monitoring and environmental performance. Furthermore, uneven policy development and the need for clear, robust licensing frameworks continue to affect project scalability and investor confidence.
Looking ahead, progress will depend on enhanced regional collaboration, harmonised regulatory frameworks and continued technological innovation, particularly in digital subsurface modelling and monitoring. Strategic planning, stronger government support and effective public–private partnerships will be critical to unlocking the full potential of underground space and positioning the region as a global leader in sustainable subsurface development.
